Keywords :
Echocardiography, Intensive care unit, Training, Ultrasound
Citation Information :
Kanchi M, Aswathappa PG, Choudhury AH, Kumar NS, Havaldar AA, Rangappa R, Reddy KS, Nanjundappa RK, Reddy MD, Bhardwaj V, Kola VR, Chhabra PH, Maiti A, Kooloth R, Shyamsundar S, AK AK. Position Statements on Use of Ultrasound in Intensive Care Unit. J Acute Care 2024; 3 (3):111-133.
Ultrasonography (USG) is a fast-advancing imaging modality that is becoming more popular in the ICU due to its proven benefits. A more widespread adoption of this technology by intensivists and ICU specialists requires the incorporation of evidence-based protocols and hands-on training. Multiple organizations have issued guidelines on the use of ultrasonography in various contexts that govern a wide range of applications not limited to the intensive care unit (ICU). In order to assist intensivists who are considering using bedside ultrasound for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, we crafted an arsenal of evidence-based position statement that review the appropriateness or superiority of bedside ultrasound as a supplementary tool to clinical judgment in the care of critically ill patients. Unless stated otherwise, these recommendations pertain to the adult patient who is critically ill.
Krishnamoorthy VK, Sengupta PP, Gentile F, et al. History of echocardiography and its future applications in medicine. Crit Care Med 2007;35(Suppl). DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000270240.97375.
Kirkpatrick AW, Sustic A, Blaivas M. Introduction to the use of ultrasound in critical care medicine. Crit Care Med 2007;35:125.
Lichtenstein D, Axler O. Intensive use of general ultrasound in the intensive care unit: prospective study of 150 consecutive patients. Intensive Care Med 1993;19:353–355.
Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, et al. International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med 2012;38:577–591.
References
Baracchini LC. Manual of Neurosonology. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2016.
Bathala L, Muralidharan MM. Transcranial Doppler: Technique and common findings. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013;16:174–179.
Naqvi J, Khandheria YG. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound: a review of the physical principles and major applications in critical care. Int J Vasc Med 2013;2013:13.
Moreno JA. Evaluating the outcome of severe head injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Neurosurg Focus 2000;8:1–6.
Tan H, Fong G, Goh XL. Outcome prediction in severe traumatic brain injury with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography. Chin J Traumatol 2001;4(3):156–160.
Kiphuth IC. Doppler pulsatility index in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Neurol 2013;70:133–138.
Motuel J, Benhamou D, Simon M. Assessment of brain midline shift using sonography in neurosurgical ICU patients. Crit Care 2014;18(6):676.
Martí-Fàbregas J, Blasco R, Escudero-García G. Relationship between transcranial Doppler and CT data in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005;26(1):113–118.
Kiphuth IC. Sonographic monitoring of midline shift predicts outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;34:297–304.
Lewis A, Smith M, Khan P, et al. The 2023 AAN/AAP/CNS/SCCM Pediatric and Adult Brain Death/Death by Neurologic Criteria Consensus Practice Guideline. Am Acad Neurol 2023;13(6).
Poularas J, Karakatsanis G, Kamposioras K. Comparison between transcranial color Doppler ultrasonography and angiography in the confirmation of brain death. Transplantation Proceedings 2006;38:1213–1217.
Samagh N, Barakat H. Monitoring cerebral vasospasm: how much can we rely on? J Anesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2019;35(1):14.
Sviri GE, Golan G, Bloch G, et al. Transcranial Doppler grading criteria for basilar artery vasospasm. Neurosurg 2006;59:360–366.
Feldmann E, Weber J, Kalff R, et al. The stroke outcomes and neuroimaging of intracranial atherosclerosis (SONIA) trial. Neurology 2007;68:2099–106.
References
Romagnuolo L, Tayal V, Tomaszewski C, et al. Optic nerve sheath diameter does not change with patient position. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23(5):686–688.
Kim SH, Kim HJ, Jung KT. Position does not affect the optic nerve sheath diameter during laparoscopy. Korean J Anesthesiol 2015;68(4):358–363.
Engelbert PR, Palma JK. Petroleum Jelly: A Novel Medium for Ocular Ultrasound. J Emerg Med 2015;49(2):172–174.
Moretti R, Pizzi B. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve in neurocritically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011;55(6):644–652.
Zhu S, Cheng C, Zhao D, et al. The clinical and prognostic values of optic nerve sheath diameter and optic nerve sheath diameter/eyeball transverse diameter ratio in comatose patients with supratentorial lesions. BMC Neurol 2021;21(1):259.
Richards E, Munakomi S, Mathew D. Optic Nerve Sheath Ultrasound. [Updated 2023 Aug 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554479/
Tayal VS, Neulander M, Norton HJ, et al. Emergency department sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter to detect findings of increased intracranial pressure in adult head injury patients. Ann Emerg Med 2007;49(4):508–514.
Vaiman M, Gottlieb P, Bekerman I. Quantitative relations between the eyeball, the optic nerve, and the optic canal important for intracranial pressure monitoring. Head Face Med 2014;10:1–6.
Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images. Intensive Care Med 2009;35(8):1488–1489.
Betcher J, Becker TK, Stoyanoff P, et al. Military trainees can accurately measure optic nerve sheath diameter after a brief training session. Mil Med Res 2018;5(1):42.
Caffery TS, Perret JN, Musso MW, et al. Optic nerve sheath diameter and lumbar puncture opening pressure in nontrauma patients suspected of elevated intracranial pressure. Am J Emerg Med 2014;32(12):1513–1515.
Hassen GW, Al-Juboori M, Koppel B, et al. Real-time optic nerve sheath diameter measurement during lumbar puncture. Am J Emerg Med 2018;36(4):736.
Singleton J, Dagan A, Edlow JA, et al. Real-time optic nerve sheath diameter reduction measured with bedside ultrasound after therapeutic lumbar puncture in a patient with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Am J Emerg Med 2015;33(6):860.
Karmaniolou I, Petropoulos G, Theodoraki K. Management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in parturients: anesthetic considerations. Can J Anaesth 2011;58(7):650.
Cannata G, Pezzato S, Esposito S, et al. Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound: a non-invasive approach to evaluate increased intracranial pressure in critically ill pediatric patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022;12(3).
Hanafi MG, Verki MM, Parei SN. Ultrasonic assessment of optic nerve sheath to detect increased intracranial pressure. J Med Ultrasound 2019;27(2):69–74.
Dağdelen K, Ekici M. Measuring optic nerve sheath diameter using ultrasonography in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2022;80(6):580–585.
Korsbæk JJ, Hagen SM, Schytz HW, et al. Transorbital sonography: a non-invasive bedside screening tool for detection of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome. Cephalalgia 2022;42(11–12):1116–1126.
Wang LJ, Zhang Y, Li C, et al. Ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter as a noninvasive marker for intracranial hypotension. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022;15:17562864211069744.
Kalim Z, Siddiqui OA, Nadeem A, et al. Assessment of optic nerve sheath diameter and its postoperative regression among patients undergoing brain tumor resection in a tertiary care center. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2022;13(2):270–275.
Gauthey M, Tessaro MO, Breitbart S, et al. Reliability and feasibility of optic nerve point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric patients with ventricular shunts. Childs Nerv Syst 2022;38(7):1289–1295.
Xu H, Li Y, Liu J, et al. Dilated optic nerve sheath diameter predicts poor outcome in acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis 2022;51(2):199–206.
Bates A, Goett HJ. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island (FL): 2023. Ocular Ultrasound.
Kilker BA, Holst JM, Hoffmann B. Bedside ocular ultrasound in the emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med 2014;21(4):246–253.
Copetti R, Cattarossi L. Optic nerve ultrasound: artifacts and real images. Intensive Care Med 2009;35(8):1488–1489; author reply 1490–1491.
References
Beale T, Twigg VM, Horta M, et al. High-resolution laryngeal US: imaging technique, normal anatomy, and spectrum of disease. Radiographics 2020;40:775–790. DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020190160
Lin J, Bellinger R, Shedd A, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound in airway evaluation and management: a comprehensive review. Diagnostics 2023;13:1541. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13091541
Jain K, Yadav M, Gupta N, et al. Ultrasonographic assessment of airway. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2020;36(1):5–12. DOI: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_319_18
Myatra SN, Shah A, Kundra P, et al. All India Difficult Airway Association 2016 guidelines for the management of unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation in adults. Indian J Anaesth 2016;60(12):885–898. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.195481
Fernandez-Vaquero MA, Charco-Mora P, Garcia-Aroca MA, et al. Preoperative airway ultrasound assessment in the sniffing position: a prospective observational study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2023;73(5):539–547. DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2022.07.003
Bhargava V, Rockwell NA, Tawfik D, et al. Prediction of difficult laryngoscopy using ultrasound: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 2023;51(1):117–126. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005711
Gottlieb M, Holladay D, Burns KM, et al. Ultrasound for airway management: an evidence-based review for the emergency clinician. Am J Emerg Med 2020;38(5):1007–1013. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.12.019
Petrişor C, Trancă S, Szabo R, et al. Clinical versus ultrasound measurements of hyomental distance ratio for the prediction of difficult airway in patients with and without morbid obesity. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10(3):140. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10030140
Carsetti A, Sorbello M, Adrario E, et al. Airway ultrasound as predictor of difficult direct laryngoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2022;134(4):740–750. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005839
Sotoodehnia M, Rafiemanesh H, Mirfazaelian H, et al. Ultrasonography indicators for predicting difficult intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Emerg Med 2021;21(1):76. DOI: 10.1186/s12873-021-00472-w
Wang L, Feng YK, Hong L, et al. Ultrasound for diagnosing new difficult laryngoscopy indicator: a prospective, self-controlled, assessor-blinded, observational study. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019;132(17):2066–2072. DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000393
Xu L, Dai S, Sun L, et al. Evaluation of 2 ultrasonic indicators as predictors of difficult laryngoscopy in pregnant women: a prospective, double-blinded study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99(3). DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018305
Gomes SH, Simões AM, Nunes AM, et al. Useful ultrasonographic parameters to predict difficult laryngoscopy and difficult tracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:671658. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.671658
Wu H, Wang H. Diagnostic efficacy and clinical value of ultrasonography in difficult airway assessment: based on a prospective cohort study. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2022;2022:4706438. DOI: 10.1155/2022/4706438
Falcetta S, Cavallo S, Gabbanelli V, et al. Evaluation of two neck ultrasound measurements as predictors of difficult direct laryngoscopy: a prospective observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2018;35(8):605–612. DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000832
Agarwal R, Jain G, Agarwal A, et al. Effectiveness of four ultrasonographic parameters as predictors of difficult intubation in patients without anticipated difficult airway. Korean J Anesthesiol 2021;74(2):134–141. DOI: 10.4097/kja.20114
Yao W, Wang B. Can tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography predict difficult tracheal intubation? Br J Anaesth 2017;118(4):601–609. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex051
Altun D, Orhan-Sungur M, Ali A, et al. The role of ultrasound in appropriate endotracheal tube size selection in pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2017;27(10):1015–1020. DOI: 10.1111/pan.13220
Sustić A, Miletić D, Protić A, et al. Can ultrasound be useful for predicting the size of a left double-lumen bronchial tube? Tracheal width as measured by ultrasonography versus computed tomography. J Clin Anesth 2008;20(4):247–252. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2007.11.002
Eicken JJ, Wilcox SR, Liteplo AS. Bedside sonographic diagnosis of tracheal stenosis. J Ultrasound Med 2012;31(9):1468–1470.
Kristensen MS, Teoh WH, Rudolph SS. Ultrasonographic identification of the cricothyroid membrane: best evidence, techniques, and clinical impact. Br J Anaesth 2016;117:1–48. DOI: 10.1093/bja/aew176
Siddiqui N, Arzola C, Friedman Z, et al. Ultrasound improves cricothyrotomy success in cadavers with poorly defined neck anatomy: a randomized control trial. Anesthesiology 2015;123(5):1033–1041. DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000848
Nicholls SE, Sweeney TW, Ferre RM, et al. Bedside sonography by emergency physicians for the rapid identification of landmarks relevant to cricothyrotomy. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26(8):852–856. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2007.11.022
Kundra P, Mishra SK, Ramesh A. Ultrasound of the airway. Indian J Anaesth 2011;55(5):456–462. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5049.89868
Osman A, Sum KM. Role of upper airway ultrasound in airway management. J Intensive Care 2016;4:52. DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0174-z
Brown CA 3rd, O'Reilly M, Pohlman A, et al. The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of the difficult airway: a systematic review. Anesth Analg 2018;126(4):1247–1254. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002761
Kothari N, Meyer A, Patel M, et al. Ultrasound in the emergency department: a review of uses, evidence, and recommendations. Curr Emerg Hosp Med Rep 2015;3(1):13–24. DOI: 10.1007/s40138-014-0063-5
Noyes J, Kwan I, Norrie J, et al. Ultrasound for the assessment of the airway: a systematic review. Anaesthesia 2020;75(10):1394–1406. DOI: 10.1111/anae.15130
Lawandy T, Carron M, Boffard K, et al. Ultrasound for airway assessment: a review of the literature. Canadian J Anaesth 2021;68(10):1167–1180. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-01867-4
Dunham A, So J, Dubrow L, et al. Impact of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia on emergency airway management in a simulated setting. AEM Educ Train 2022;6(2):189–196. DOI: 10.1002/aet2.10759
Tsai R, Ghosh M, Kittaka H, et al. The use of ultrasound in the management of airway emergencies: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2023;66:204–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.02.033
Walts LF, Ereshefsky M, Hossain T, et al. Emergency ultrasound for difficult airway assessment: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med 2024;67:119–126. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.06.014
Ryu JH, Lee SH, Yoon SH, et al. Diagnostic performance of ultrasound for predicting difficult intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2021;132(4):973–983. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005460
Samarkandi AH, Alturkistani A, Alruwaili A, et al. Usefulness of ultrasound in predicting difficult intubation in adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth 2023;80:110807. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2023.110807
Pirotte T, Sanz O, Godon C, et al. Ultrasound-guided tracheal intubation: a randomized controlled trial comparing standard laryngoscopy with ultrasound-assisted intubation. Anesth Analg 2023;136(5):1121–1128. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005750
References
Papolos A, Narula J, Bavishi C, et al. U.S. Hospital Use of echocardiography: insights from the nationwide inpatient sample. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(5):502–511. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.029
Vignon P, Mentec H, Terré S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic impact of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU. Chest 1994;106:1829–1834. DOI: 10.1378/chest.106.6.1829
Heidenreich PA, Stainback RF, Redberg RF, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography predicts mortality in critically ill patients with unexplained hypotension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:152–158. DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(95)00253-X
International expert statement on training standards for critical care ultrasonography. Intensive Care Med 2011;37:1077–1083. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-011-2250-3
Quinones MA, Douglas PS, Foster E, et al. ACC/AHA clinical competence statement on echocardiography: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine Task Force on clinical competence. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003;16:379–402. DOI: 10.1016/S0894-7317(03)00123-5
Charron C, Vignon P, Prat G, et al. Number of supervised studies required to reach competence in advanced critical care transesophageal echocardiography. Intensive Care Med 2013;39:1019–1024. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-013-2848-8
Expert round table on echocardiography in ICU. International consensus statement on training standards for advanced critical care echocardiography. Intensive Care Med 2014;40:654–666. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-014-3227-7
Atkinson PR. Does point-of-care ultrasonography improve clinical outcomes in emergency department patients with undifferentiated hypotension? An international randomized controlled trial from the SHoC ED investigators. Ann Emerg Med 2018;72(4):478–489. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.04.013
Shokoohi H, Boniface KS, Pourmand A, et al. Bedside ultrasound reduces diagnostic uncertainty and guides resuscitation in patients with undifferentiated hypotension. Crit Care Med 2015;43(12):2562–2569. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001435
Stickles SP. The diagnostic accuracy of a point of care ultrasound protocol for shock etiology: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CJEM 2019;21(3):406–417. DOI: 10.1017/cem.2018.386
Orso D, Paoli I, Piani T, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonographic measurements of inferior vena cava to determine fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care Med 2020;35(4):354–363. DOI: 10.1177/0885066618779188
Corl K, Napoli AM, Gardiner F. Bedside sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava caval index is a poor predictor of fluid responsiveness in emergency department patients. Emerg Med Australas 2012;24(5):534–539. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-6723.2012.01507.x
Cardozo Júnior LCM, Lemos GSD, Besen BAMP. Fluid responsiveness assessment using inferior vena cava collapsibility among spontaneously breathing patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed) 2023;47(2):90–98. DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2022.09.001
Millington SJ, Koenig S. Ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava for fluid responsiveness: making the case for skepticism. J Intensive Care Med 2021;36(10):1223–1227. DOI: 10.1177/0885066620903932
Barbier C, Loubières Y, Schmit C, et al. Respiratory changes in inferior vena cava diameter are helpful in predicting fluid responsiveness in ventilated septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2004;30:1740–1746. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-004-2296-8
Wang J, Zhou D, Gao Y, et al. Effect of VTILVOT variation rate on the assessment of fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020;99(47). DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000022702
Vignon P, Begot E, Mari A, et al. Hemodynamic assessment of patients with septic shock using transpulmonary thermodilution and critical care echocardiography: a comparative study. Chest 2018;153:55–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.07.007
Johnson BK, Tierney DM, Rosborough TK, et al. Internal medicine point-of-care ultrasound assessment of left ventricular function correlates with formal echocardiography. J Clin Ultrasound 2016;44:92–99. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22290
McKaigney CJ, Krantz MJ, La Rocque CL, et al. E-point septal separation: a bedside tool for emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Emerg Med 2014;32:493–497. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2014.01.003
Dong TX, Zhu Q, Wang ST, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Pulm Med 2023;23:253. DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02552-y
D'Alto M, Romeo E, Argiento P, et al. Accuracy and precision of echocardiography versus right heart catheterization for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(4):4058–4062. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.05.071
Lalande E. Is point of care ultrasound a reliable predictor of outcome during atraumatic, non shockable cardiac arrest? A systematic review and meta-analysis from the SHoC investigators. Resuscitation 2019;139:159–166. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.03.018
Gaspari R, Weekes A, Adhikari S, et al. A retrospective study of pulseless electrical activity, bedside ultrasound identifies interventions during resuscitation associated with improved survival to hospital admission. Resuscitation 2017;120:103–107. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.08.001
Caille V, Amiel JB, Charron C, et al. Echocardiography: a help in the weaning process. Crit Care 2010;14. DOI: 10.1186/cc8775
Moschietto S, Doyen D, Grech L, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography with Doppler tissue imaging predicts weaning failure from mechanical ventilation: evolution of the left ventricle relaxation rate during a spontaneous breathing trial is the key factor in weaning outcome. Crit Care 2012;16. DOI: 10.1186/cc11107
Sanfilippo F, Di Falco D, Noto A, et al. Association of weaning failure from mechanical ventilation with transthoracic echocardiography parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2021;126(1):319–330. DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.07.019
Platts DG, Sedgwick JF, Burstow DJ, et al. The role of echocardiography in the management of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25(2):131–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.005
Ahn HJ, Lee JW, Joo KH, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound-guided percutaneous cannulation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: make it simple. J Emerg Med 2018;54(4):507–513. DOI: 10.1016/j.jem.2017.12.014
Ki KK, Passmore MR, Chan CHH, et al. Low flow rate alters haemostatic parameters in an ex-vivo extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit. Intensive Care Med Exp 2019;7(1):51. DOI: 10.1186/s13613-019-0231-1
Ortuno S, Delmas C, Diehl JL, et al. Weaning from veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation: which strategy to use? Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2019;8(1). DOI: 10.21037/acs.2019.01.03
References
Douglas A, Kumar N. Overview of transesophageal echocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography in critical care. In: Nicoara A, editor. Savage & Aronson's Comprehensive Textbook of Perioperative and Critical Care Echocardiography, 3rd ed.
Prager R, Bowdridge J, Pratte M, et al. Indications, clinical impact, and complications of critical care transesophageal echocardiography: a scoping review. J Intensive Care Med 2022;38:245–272. DOI: 10.1177/08850666221115348
Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2013;26:921–964. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.009
Dessap AM. Transesophageal echocardiography in prone position during severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2011;37:430–434.
Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, et al. 2010 ACCF/AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2010;121–369.
Baliga RR, Nienaber CA, Bossone E, et al. The role of imaging in aortic dissection and related syndromes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:406–424.
Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. Eur Heart J 2014;35:2873–2926.
Nicoara A, Skubas N, Ad N, et al. Guidelines for the use of transesophageal echocardiography to assist with surgical decision-making in the operating room: a surgery-based approach. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2020;33:692–734. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2020.03.002
Zabalgoitia M, Halperin JL, Pearce LA, et al. Transesophageal echocardiographic correlates of clinical risk of thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:1622–1626.
Manning WJ, Weintraub RM, Waksmonski CA, et al. Accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for identifying left atrial thrombi: a prospective, intraoperative study. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:817–822.
Hwang JJ, Chen JJ, Lin SC, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography for detecting left atrial thrombi in patients with rheumatic heart disease having undergone mitral valve operations. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:677–681.
Bach D. Transesophageal echocardiographic evaluation of prosthetic valves. Cardiol Clin 2000;18:751–771.
Sordelli C, Fele N, Mocerino R, et al. Infective endocarditis: echocardiographic imaging and new imaging modalities. J Cardiovasc Echography 2019;29:149–155. DOI: 10.4103/jcecho.jcecho_53_19
Ruiz CE, Hahn RT, Berrebi A, et al. Paravalvular Leak Academic Research Consortium. Clinical trial principles and endpoint definitions for paravalvular leaks in surgical prosthesis. Eur Heart J 2018;39:1224–1245.
Focused transesophageal echocardiography during cardiac arrest resuscitation: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:745–754.
Lorusso R, Shekar K, MacLaren G, et al. ELSO interim guidelines for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult cardiac patients. ASAIO J 2021;67:827–844. DOI: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001510
Sedgwick JF, Burstow DJ, Platts DG. ECMO and ECHO: the role of echocardiography in the management of patients supported by extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO). Int J Cardiol 2011;147. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.009
Firstenberg MS, Orsinelli DA. ECMO and ECHO: the evolving role of quantitative echo in the management of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25:641–643. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2012.04.005
Platts DG, Sedgwick JF, Burstow DJ, et al. The role of echo in the management of patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2012;25:131–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.11.009
Douflé G, Roscoe A, Billia F, Fan E. Echocardiography for adult patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care 2015;19:1. DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-1042-2
Hlaing M, He J, Haglund N, et al. Impact of a monoplane hemodynamic TEE (hTEE) monitoring device on decision-making in a heterogeneous hemodynamically unstable intensive care unit population: a prospective, observational study. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018;32:1308–1313. DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2017.10.017
Cioccari L, Zante B, Bloch A, et al. Effects of hemodynamic monitoring using a single-use transesophageal echocardiography probe in critically ill patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018;19:1. DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2714-4
Stainback RF, Estep JD, Agler DA, et al. Echocardiography in the management of patients with left ventricular assist devices: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2015;28:853–909. DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2015.05.008
Tempe D, Batra U, Datt V, et al. Where does the pulmonary artery catheter float? Transesophageal echocardiography evaluation. Ann Card Anaesth 2015;18:491. DOI: 10.4103/0971-9784.166450
References
Lichtenstein DA, Mezière GA. Relevance of lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute respiratory failure, the BLUE protocol. CHEST 2008;134:117–125.
Smargiassi A, Inchingolo R, Soldati G, et al. The role of chest ultrasonography in the management of respiratory diseases: document II. Multidiscip Respir Med 2013;8:55.
Volpicelli G, Mussa A, Garofalo G, et al. Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Emerg Med 2006;24:689–696.
Vetrugno L, Bove T, Guadagnin GM, et al. Advances in lung ultrasound in critically ill patients. J Emerg Crit Care Med 2019;3:32.
Lichtenstein DA. BLUE-protocol and FALLS-protocol: two applications of lung ultrasound in the critically ill. CHEST 2015;147:1659–1670.
Xirouchaki N, Kondili E, Prinianakis G, et al. Impact of lung ultrasound on clinical decision making in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2014;40:57–65.
Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV, et al. Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation 2010;81:1527–1533. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.07.013
Clattenburg EJ, Wroe P, Brown S, et al. Point-of-care ultrasound use in patients with cardiac arrest is associated with prolonged cardiopulmonary resuscitation pauses: a prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 2018;122:65–68. DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.11.056
Silva S. Usefulness of cardiothoracic chest ultrasound in the management of acute respiratory failure in critical care practice. CHEST 2013;144:859–865. DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-0167
Bataille B. Integrated use of bedside lung ultrasound and echocardiography in acute respiratory failure: a prospective observational study in ICU. CHEST 2014;146:1586–1593.
Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le-Guen M, et al. Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:341–347.
Salem MS, Eltatawy HS, Abdelhafez AA, et al. Lung ultrasound versus FiO2-guided PEEP in ARDS patients. Egyptian J Anaesth 2020;36:31–37.
Volpicelli G, Skurzak S, Boero E. Lung ultrasound predicts well extravascular lung water but is of limited usefulness in the prediction of wedge pressure. Anesthesiology 2014;121:320–327.
Parada-Gereda HM, Tibaduiza AL. Effectiveness of diaphragmatic ultrasound as a predictor of successful weaning from mechanical ventilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care 2023;27:174.
Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, et al. Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest radiography, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2004;100:9–15.
Balik M, Plasil P, Waldauf P, et al. Ultrasound estimation of volume of pleural fluid in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:318.
Havelock T, Teoh R, Laws D, et al. Pleural procedures and thoracic ultrasound: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax 2010;65:2–76.
Kumar P, Kumar S, Hussain M, et al. Comparison of percutaneous tracheostomy methods in ICU patients: conventional anatomical landmark method versus ultrasonography method. Indian J Anaesth 2022;66–212.
Gobatto ALN, Besen BAMP, Tierno PFGMM, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy versus bronchoscopy-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy in critically ill patients (TRACHUS): a randomized noninferiority controlled trial. Intensive Care Med 2016;42:342–351.
Gobatto ALN, Besen BAMP, Cestari M, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous dilational tracheostomy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care Med 2020;35:445–452.
Chan KK, Joo DA, McRae AD, et al. Chest ultrasonography versus supine chest radiography for diagnosis of pneumothorax in trauma patients in the emergency department. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;(7):CD013031.
References
Bloom BA, Gibbons RC. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024.
Patel D, Lewis K, Peterson A, et al. Extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) exam. J Med Ins 299:6.
Perlas A, Mitsakakis N, Liu L, et al. Validation of a mathematical model for ultrasound assessment of gastric volume by gastroscopic examination. Anesth Analg 2013;116:357–363.
Perlas A, Arzola C, Van de Putte P. Point-of-care gastric ultrasound and aspiration risk assessment: a narrative review. Can J Anaesth 2018;65:437–448.
Riestra-Candelaria BL, Rodriguez-Mojica W, Jorge JC. Anatomical criteria to measure the adult right liver lobe by ultrasound. Sonography 2018;5:181–186. DOI: 10.1002/sono.12162
AlMuhsin AM, Altaweel A, Abouleid A. Endoscopic management of limy bile syndrome presenting with obstructive jaundice. BMJ Case Rep 2019;12. DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-231798
Hefny AF, Corr P, Abu-Zidan FM. The role of ultrasound in the management of intestinal obstruction. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2012;5:84–86. DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.93109
Rola P, Miralles-Aguiar F, Argaiz E, et al. Clinical applications of the venous excess ultrasound (VExUS) score: conceptual review and case series. Ultrasound J 2021;13:32. DOI: 10.1186/s1