Echocardiography is the principal method for the estimation of the structure and function of the mitral valve (MV). Impedance to mitral inflow is caused essentially by mitral stenosis (MS) of rheumatic origin. Less common causes involve tumors, principally myxomas, calcification of the mitral annulus, carcinoid heart disease, and congenital MS. When associated with exclusive valvular and subvalvular affliction, severe MS is diagnosed with a pressure half-time (PHT) of >150 ms and valve area ≤1.5 cm2. In MS of rheumatic origin, echocardiography enables evaluation of the likelihood of success for percutaneous balloon valvotomy. Echocardiography allows appraisal of the degree of mitral regurgitation (MR) and helps discern various causes such as prolapse or flail of MV segments, endocarditis of mitral leaflets, rheumatic etiology, ischemic MR, or functional MR as seen in cardiomyopathy.
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